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【medical-news】多巴胺释放的新机制

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这个帖子发布于14年零99天前，其中的信息可能已发生改变或有所发展。
Discovery of post-stimulus activated release implies new mechanisms for dopamine release
Atlanta, Oct. 15 ?The neurotransmitter dopamine continues to be released for nearly an hour after neurons are stimulated, suggesting the existence of secondary mechanisms that allow for sustained availability of dopamine in different regions of the brain including areas critical for memory consolidation, drug induced plasticity and maintaining active networks during working memory, according to a University of Pittsburgh study being presented today at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, held at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta.

Determining the mechanisms that cause what is being called "post-stimulus activated release" and how they maintain dopamine levels could have important implications for understanding and treating neurological and psychiatric disorders caused by an imbalance of dopamine function including schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease and addiction.

According to Bita Moghaddam, Ph.D., professor of neuroscience and psychiatry, who led the study, in addition to its clinical benefits, post-stimulus activated release can be used to explain how brief events that activate neurons for short periods of time can influence brain function long after the events. For example, it can be used to explain how smelling freshly baked cookies could evoke childhood memories of spending time with a beloved grandparent, leading a person to reminisce long after the smell is gone and take the unplanned or impulsive action of baking or buying cookies.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory, motor control, reward perception and executive functions such as working memory, behavioral flexibility and decision making. When a novel or salient stimulus occurs, the dopamine neurons in the brain increase their firing rate, boosting the release of dopamine. The dopamine is diffused into the extracellular space of the brain until it can be transported or metabolized.

In a rat model, the researchers have been attempting to understand increases in extracellular levels of dopamine during behaviorally active states, such as completing a cognitive task or experiencing stressful situations and in response to the electrical stimulation of neurons. In their studies, they have observed that dopamine levels remain above the baseline long after neurons had been stimulated ?from five to 20 minutes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and 40 to 100 minutes in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.

Attempting to discern the cause of the elevated levels, researchers stimulated the VTA of the brain of a rat model by using an electrode. The VTA is a nucleus in the midbrain where dopamine neurons are located. After stimulating the neurons, the researchers measured the amount of dopamine in the extracellular fluid of the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex ?two areas where the VTA is known to send signals. They found that dopamine levels increased during stimulation, and remained elevated for an hour after stimulation.

Dopamine levels wane as dopamine is taken back into cells by an active transport system. Yet this active transport system is not abundant in the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex areas, leading researchers to think that perhaps the dopamine levels remained elevated due to an excess that had yet to be absorbed. To test this hypothesis, they applied tetrodotoxin (TTX), a neurotoxin that blocks the active release of dopamine, to the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. TTX caused dopamine levels to drop, indicating that the dopamine levels remained elevated because dopamine was being actively released after the neurons fired and not because there was residual dopamine in the brain.

Dr. Moghaddam and colleagues are currently conducting experiments in efforts to identify the exact mechanism causing post-stimulus activated release.
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2006-10-16 19:00
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Discovery of post-stimulus activated release implies new mechanisms for dopamine release
Atlanta, Oct. 15 ?The neurotransmitter dopamine continues to be released for nearly an hour after neurons are stimulated, suggesting the existence of secondary mechanisms that allow for sustained availability of dopamine in different regions of the brain including areas critical for memory consolidation, drug induced plasticity and maintaining active networks during working memory, according to a University of Pittsburgh study being presented today at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, held at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta.
刺激后激活释放说明多巴胺释放的新机制？亚特兰大 ，10.15？在神经元接受刺激以后的将近一个小时的时间里，神经递质多巴胺持续释放，说明存在多巴胺释放的第二机制？导致存在于在大脑的不同的功能区包括药物导致的可复性的和持续的对记忆网络功能区的损害，持续有效的对多巴胺的利用。根据匹兹堡大学的研究者今天在亚特兰大乔治亚洲的国际会展中心举行的第36届神经内科年会上的发言。

Determining the mechanisms that cause what is being called "post-stimulus activated release" and how they maintain dopamine levels could have important implications for understanding and treating neurological and psychiatric disorders caused by an imbalance of dopamine function including schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease and addiction.
研究“刺激后激活释放”的机理和如何保持多巴胺的浓度水平对于理解和治疗由多巴胺机能失调导致神经和精神疾病，如：精神分裂症，儿童多动症，习惯性痉挛，帕金森氏病和成瘾症具有重要的意义。

According to Bita Moghaddam, Ph.D., professor of neuroscience and psychiatry, who led the study, in addition to its clinical benefits, post-stimulus activated release can be used to explain how brief events that activate neurons for short periods of time can influence brain function long after the events. For example, it can be used to explain how smelling freshly baked cookies could evoke childhood memories of spending time with a beloved grandparent, leading a person to reminisce long after the smell is gone and take the unplanned or impulsive action of baking or buying cookies.
Bita Moghaddam博士，神经和精神科教授，这项研究的负责人，介绍说除了这项研究的临床意义，刺激后激活释放的原理还可以用来解释为什么短时间刺激性神经元而能对大脑功能区产生长时间的影响。例如，可以用来解释新烘烤出来面包的气味能够唤醒儿时和父母坐在一起的回忆，导致一个人在味道消失后长时间的追忆和无计划或者冲动地去烘烤或者是买面包。

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory, motor control, reward perception and executive functions such as working memory, behavioral flexibility and decision making. When a novel or salient stimulus occurs, the dopamine neurons in the brain increase their firing rate, boosting the release of dopamine. The dopamine is diffused into the extracellular space of the brain until it can be transported or metabolized.
多巴胺是一种与学习和记忆，控制运动系统、感觉和控制功能有关的神经递质，例如记忆能力，动作的灵活度和思考能力。当一个新的或者是显著的刺激发生的时候，大脑的多巴胺神经元增快了它们的代谢率，加速多巴胺的释放。多巴胺扩散到大脑的细胞外间隙，直到它输送或者代谢到其他地方。

In a rat model, the researchers have been attempting to understand increases in extracellular levels of dopamine during behaviorally active states, such as completing a cognitive task or experiencing stressful situations and in response to the electrical stimulation of neurons. In their studies, they have observed that dopamine levels remain above the baseline long after neurons had been stimulated ?from five to 20 minutes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and 40 to 100 minutes in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.
在一个动物实验中，研究者试图分析在正常的活动状态下细胞外水平增加的多巴胺水平，例如完成一个认知任务，或者是在应激状态下和对神经元的电刺激。在他们的研究中，他们发现在神经元接受刺激后的5-20分钟在腹侧被盖区和40-100分钟在伏核和额前皮质的多巴胺水平要比基底节区高。

Attempting to discern the cause of the elevated levels, researchers stimulated the VTA of the brain of a rat model by using an electrode. The VTA is a nucleus in the midbrain where dopamine neurons are located. After stimulating the neurons, the researchers measured the amount of dopamine in the extracellular fluid of the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex ?two areas where the VTA is known to send signals. They found that dopamine levels increased during stimulation, and remained elevated for an hour after stimulation.
为了分析多巴胺升高的原因，研究者用电极刺激大鼠的大脑腹侧被盖区。腹侧被盖区是存在多巴胺神经元的中脑神经核团。刺激神经元后，研究者测量了在伏核的细胞外液和额前皮质的多巴胺数量，这是两个已知的传导信息的区域。他们发现多巴胺水平在接受刺激后和刺激后1小时持续升高。

Dopamine levels wane as dopamine is taken back into cells by an active transport system. Yet this active transport system is not abundant in the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex areas, leading researchers to think that perhaps the dopamine levels remained elevated due to an excess that had yet to be absorbed. To test this hypothesis, they applied tetrodotoxin (TTX), a neurotoxin that blocks the active release of dopamine, to the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. TTX caused dopamine levels to drop, indicating that the dopamine levels remained elevated because dopamine was being actively released after the neurons fired and not because there was residual dopamine in the brain.
当多巴胺通过主动传输过程转运入细胞内时，数量减少。然而这个主动转运系统在腹侧纹状体和额前皮质数量不是充分的，研究者思也认为多巴胺水平持续升高是因为过剩而没有被吸收。为了验证这个假设，他们在伏核和额前皮质注射了河鲀毒素，一种能够阻止多巴胺的正常释放的神经毒素，河鲀毒素导致多巴胺水平下降，说明多巴胺水平持续升高是由于多巴胺在接受刺激后的释放而不是因为大脑中残留的多巴胺。

Dr. Moghaddam and colleagues are currently conducting experiments in efforts to identify the exact mechanism causing post-stimulus activated release.
Moghaddam博士和小组成员目前正在分析导致刺激后释放的确切机制。
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2006-10-18 19:36
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Discovery of post-stimulus activated release implies new mechanisms for dopamine release
刺激后激活释 — 多巴胺释放新机制？

Atlanta, Oct. 15 ?The neurotransmitter dopamine continues to be released for nearly an hour after neurons are stimulated, suggesting the existence of secondary mechanisms that allow for sustained availability of dopamine in different regions of the brain including areas critical for memory consolidation, drug induced plasticity and maintaining active networks during working memory, according to a University of Pittsburgh study being presented today at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, held at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta.
亚特兰大 ，10.15 匹兹堡大学的研究者今天在亚特兰大乔治亚国际会展中心举行的第36届神经内科年会上称，神经元接受刺激后近一个小时内，神经递质多巴胺持续释放，提示存在第二种机制，使多巴胺在脑的不同功能区包括记忆巩固及药物诱发适应性相关区域维持作用，并在工作记忆过程中保持网络活性（最后一句比较勉强，抱歉不是神经专业）
楼主把意思拧了，不知道 损害 一词从何而来。

Determining the mechanisms that cause what is being called "post-stimulus activated release" and how they maintain dopamine levels could have important implications for understanding and treating neurological and psychiatric disorders caused by an imbalance of dopamine function including schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease and addiction.
研究“刺激后激活释放”机理及多巴胺浓度如何保持机理具有重要的意义，有助于理解和治疗因多巴胺机能失调导致的神经和精神疾病，如精神分裂症、儿童多动症、习惯性痉挛、帕金森氏病和成瘾症。

According to Bita Moghaddam, Ph.D., professor of neuroscience and psychiatry, who led the study, in addition to its clinical benefits, post-stimulus activated release can be used to explain how brief events that activate neurons for short periods of time can influence brain function long after the events. For example, it can be used to explain how smelling freshly baked cookies could evoke childhood memories of spending time with a beloved grandparent, leading a person to reminisce long after the smell is gone and take the unplanned or impulsive action of baking or buying cookies.
这项研究的负责人、神经和精神科教授Bita Moghaddam博士介绍说，刺激后激活释放的原理不仅具有临床意义，还可以用来解释为什么短时间刺激性神经元就会对大脑功能区产生长时间的影响。例如，它可以用来解释为什么新烘烤出来的香喷喷的面包能够唤起儿时和亲爱的祖父母在一起的回忆，导致一个人在香味消失很久后仍沉浸在回忆之中，无计划或者冲动地去烘烤或者是买面包。

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory, motor control, reward perception and executive functions such as working memory, behavioral flexibility and decision making.
多巴胺是一种与学习和记忆、运动控制以及工作记忆、动作灵活性和决策能力等执行控制操作功能有关的神经递质。

In a rat model, the researchers have been attempting to understand increases in extracellular levels of dopamine during behaviorally active states, such as completing a cognitive task or experiencing stressful situations and in response to the electrical stimulation of neurons. In their studies, they have observed that dopamine levels remain above the baseline long after neurons had been stimulated ?from five to 20 minutes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and 40 to 100 minutes in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.
研究者试图通过老鼠模型，分析在某些活动状态下例如完成认知任务、应激状态及对神经元的电刺激反应时，细胞外多巴胺水平的增加。他们发现在神经元接受刺激后多巴胺水平持续高于基线，分别为腹侧被盖区5-20分钟，和伏核和额前皮质40-100分钟。

They found that dopamine levels increased during stimulation, and remained elevated for an hour after stimulation.
他们发现接受刺激后，多巴胺水平升高，一小时后仍维持高值。

Dopamine levels wane as dopamine is taken back into cells by an active transport system. Yet this active transport system is not abundant in the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex areas, leading researchers to think that perhaps the dopamine levels remained elevated due to an excess that had yet to be absorbed. To test this hypothesis, they applied tetrodotoxin (TTX), a neurotoxin that blocks the active release of dopamine, to the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. TTX caused dopamine levels to drop, indicating that the dopamine levels remained elevated because dopamine was being actively released after the neurons fired and not because there was residual dopamine in the brain.
多巴胺通过主动传输过程转运回细胞内后，水平下降。然而这个主动转运系统在腹侧纹状体和额前皮质不够充裕，故而研究者推测多巴胺水平持续升高是因为未被吸收而导致过剩。为了验证这个假设，他们在伏核和额前皮质注射了能够阻止多巴胺正常释放的神经毒素—河豚毒素。河豚毒素导致多巴胺水平下降，说明多巴胺水平持续升高是由于多巴胺在受刺激后释放，而不是因为大脑中残留的多巴胺。
2006-10-18 22:16
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qcywh2000 编辑于 2006-10-18 22:18
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