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【bio-news】肌肉按摩有利于运动损伤后的康复

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Massaging Muscles Facilitates Recovery After Exercise
ScienceDaily (Aug. 18, 2008) — Researchers testing the long-held theory that therapeutic massage can speed recovery after a sports injury have found early scientific evidence of the healing effects of massage.

The scientists have determined that immediate cyclic compression of muscles after intense exercise reduced swelling and muscle damage in a study using animals.

Though they say it’s too soon to apply the results directly to humans in a clinical environment, the researchers consider the findings a strong start toward scientific confirmation of massage’s benefits to athletes after intense eccentric exercise, when muscles contract and lengthen at the same time.

“There is potential that this continuing research will have huge clinical implications,” said Thomas Best, a professor of family medicine at Ohio State University and senior author of the study. “If we can define the mechanism for recovery, the translation of these findings to the clinic will dictate how much massage is needed, for how long, and when it should be performed after exercise.”

Anecdotal evidence suggests massage offers many health benefits, but actual testing of its effects at the cellular level is more difficult than one might think. In this study with rabbits, the researchers used one mechanical device to mimic movements associated with a specific kind of exercise, and a second device to follow the exercise with a simulated consistent massaging motion on the affected muscles. They compared these animals to other animals that performed the exercise movements but did not receive simulated massage. All animals were sedated during the experiments.

“We tried to mimic Swedish massage because anecdotally, it’s the most popular technique used by athletes,” said Best, who is also co-medical director of the OSU Sports Medicine Center and a team physician for the Department of Athletics. “A review of the research in this area shows that despite the existing anecdotal evidence – we know athletes use massage all the time – researchers don’t know the mechanism of how massage improves recovery after exercise and injury.”

Swedish massage combines long strokes, kneading and friction techniques on muscles and various movements of joints, according to the American Massage Therapy Association.

After the experimental exercise and massage were performed in the study, the researchers compared the muscle tissues of all of the animals, finding that the muscles in animals receiving simulated massage had improved function, less swelling and fewer signs of inflammation than did muscles in the animals that received no massage treatment after exercise.

The research is published in a recent issue of the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.

The research focused on eccentric exercise, which creates a motion similar to the way in which quadriceps in human thighs are exercised during a downhill run. In the study, the scientists focused on the tibialis anterior muscle, located on the front of the shin in humans. The simulated exercise involved continuous flexing and pointing of the toes to exert the muscle during seven sets of 10 cycles, with two minutes of rest between each set.

“It’s hard to describe exactly how the exercise intensity would be matched in a human, but this was considered a significant amount of exercise that would likely cause muscle soreness and possible damage,” Best said.

Immediately following the exercise, the affected muscle was subjected to 30 minutes of simulated massage, called compressive loading. The researchers used mathematical equations to determine the appropriate amount of force to apply to the animal muscle, which was intended to match the force Swedish massage typically places on a patient’s spine. The device used to simulate the stroking motion for the research was designed by Yi Zhao, assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Ohio State and a co-author of the study.

“We know biological tissues are sensitive to the magnitude of frequency, duration and load, so we controlled the force, frequency and time spent on massage,” Best said.

The exercise-massage cycle was repeated for four days, after which the animals’ muscle strength and tissue were examined.

The massaged muscles recovered an estimated 60 percent of the strength after the four-day trial, compared to restoration of about 14 percent of strength in muscles that were exercised and then rested.

Similarly, the massaged muscles had fewer damaged muscle fibers and virtually no sign of white blood cells, the presence of which would indicate that the body was working to repair muscle damage, when compared with the rested muscles. The massaged muscles weighed about 8 percent less than the rested muscles, suggesting that the massage helped prevent swelling, Best said.

“One fundamental question is how much of a role does inflammation play in repair to a muscle? Are we preventing inflammation and therefore improving recovery? We haven’t proven that yet,” Best said.

He is collaborating with a variety of experts across the university to continue this line of research, and hopes to cooperate with Ohio State’s Center for Integrative Medicine on future clinic-based work.

“Our goal is to use this model to understand the biological mechanisms of massage as a guide to preclinical trials to test the effects of massage on muscle recovery after exercise,” he said. “A trial in humans could look at optimal indications for massage.

"Ultimately, we could also find out how massage helps not just exercise-induced muscle injury, but swelling and pain associated with other medical conditions, as well.”

Additional co-authors on the study were Timothy Butterfield, a former postdoctoral researcher at Ohio State now with the University of Kentucky Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; Sudha Agarwal of the Ohio State College of Dentistry’s Section of Oral Biology; and Furqan Haq of Ohio State’s Division of Sports Medicine in the Department of Family Medicine.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Ohio State University Pomerene Chair in Family Medicine, held by Best.

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肌肉按摩有利于运动损伤之后的康复

Massaging Muscles Facilitates Recovery After Exercise
肌肉按摩有助于运动损伤之后的康复

ScienceDaily (Aug. 18, 2008) — Researchers testing the long-held theory that therapeutic massage can speed recovery after a sports injury have found early scientific evidence of the healing effects of massage.
科学日报（2008年8月18日报道）—研究者在对“治疗性按摩能够加速运动性损伤的康复”这一过去长期相信的理论的测试中发现了按摩具有治疗效果的早期科学依据。

The scientists have determined that immediate cyclic compression of muscles after intense exercise reduced swelling and muscle damage in a study using animals.
在一项在动物中进行的研究中，科学家们发现在剧烈运动之后立即进行循环按压有效减少了肿胀和肌肉损伤。

Though they say it’s too soon to apply the results directly to humans in a clinical environment, the researchers consider the findings a strong start toward scientific confirmation of massage’s benefits to athletes after intense eccentric exercise, when muscles contract and lengthen at the same time.
尽管他们说要把这项结果直接在临床环境下应用于人类还为时尚早，关于按摩有助于恢复强烈离心运动（此时肌肉的延长与收缩在同一时间进行）对运动员所造成的损伤的理论，研究者认为这项发现为为该理论的最终科学确证营造了一个强而有力的开端。

“There is potential that this continuing research will have huge clinical implications,” said Thomas Best, a professor of family medicine at Ohio State University and senior author of the study. “If we can define the mechanism for recovery, the translation of these findings to the clinic will dictate how much massage is needed, for how long, and when it should be performed after exercise.”
“这项仍在进行中的研究有潜力为临床提供大量证据，”托马斯.贝斯特说，他是俄亥俄州立大学家庭医学的教授，同时也是该研究项目的高级主管。如果我们能确认按摩恢复效应的内在机制，就能将这些发现转用于临床治疗，这需要知道要进行多大量的按摩，要持续多长时间，以及在运动后的多长时间实施按摩。“

Anecdotal evidence suggests massage offers many health benefits, but actual testing of its effects at the cellular level is more difficult than one might think. In this study with rabbits, the researchers used one mechanical device to mimic movements associated with a specific kind of exercise, and a second device to follow the exercise with a simulated consistent massaging motion on the affected muscles. They compared these animals to other animals that performed the exercise movements but did not receive simulated massage. All animals were sedated during the experiments.
逸闻趣事中流传的证据显示按摩能为健康带来诸多益处，但实际上在细胞水平上对它的效果进行评估比常人想象中的要难得多。在该研究中以兔子作为实验对象，研究者使用一种机械装置去模拟与某种锻炼的独有动作，紧接着对于同一肌群他们采用另一种装置去模拟持续的按摩动作。他们将这些动物与其它进行了运动却没有接受模拟按摩的动物进行比较。所有参与试验的动物都进行了镇静处理。

“We tried to mimic Swedish massage because anecdotally, it’s the most popular technique used by athletes,” said Best, who is also Swedish co-medical director of the OSU Sports Medicine Center and a team physician for the Department of Athletics. “A review of the research in this area shows that despite the existing anecdotal evidence – we know athletes use massage all the time – researchers don’t know the mechanism of how massage improves recovery after exercise and injury.”
“我们想尝试着模仿瑞典式按摩，因为在传闻中，它在运动员中是最受欢迎的技术，“贝斯特说，他同时也是俄亥俄州立大学运动医学中心瑞典医学的主任，还是运动员部的队医。”一篇在该领域内的研究综述表明尽管在传闻中存在着种种证据—我们知道运动员一直都在使用按摩—但是研究者们不知道在锻炼和损伤之后进行按摩有助于康复的具体机制。“

Swedish massage combines long strokes, kneading and friction techniques on muscles and various movements of joints, according to the American Massage Therapy Association.
瑞典式按摩包括从上往下细致按摩，对肌肉和关节的不同运动的拿捏和揉搓技巧，据美国按摩治疗协会说。

After the experimental exercise and massage were performed in the study, the researchers compared the muscle tissues of all of the animals, finding that the muscles in animals receiving simulated massage had improved function, less swelling and fewer signs of inflammation than did muscles in the animals that received no massage treatment after exercise.
在本研究中，在进行了实验模拟的运动和按摩之后，研究者比较了所有动物的即溶组织，发现在接受了模拟按摩的动物中，其肌肉功能较未接受按摩治疗的动物有了提高，同时肌肉肿胀和炎症也更少出现。

The research is published in a recent issue of the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.
该研究发表在最近一期的运动医学科学杂志上。

The research focused on eccentric exercise, which creates a motion similar to the way in which quadriceps in human thighs are exercised during a downhill run. In the study, the scientists focused on the tibialis anterior muscle, located on the front of the shin in humans. The simulated exercise involved continuous flexing and pointing of the toes to exert the muscle during seven sets of 10 cycles, with two minutes of rest between each set.
该研究主要关注离心运动，该运动在下山的过程中人类的大腿股四头肌所经历的锻炼相似。在该研究中研究者主要关注胫骨前肌，位于人类的胫骨前方。这个模拟运动包括在10个循环的7套动作中对脚趾的肌肉施加一个持续的伸缩与指向的力，在每一套运动之间有2分钟的休息时间。

“It’s hard to describe exactly how the exercise intensity would be matched in a human, but this was considered a significant amount of exercise that would likely cause muscle soreness and possible damage,” Best said.
很难精确描述该运动强度在人类中的匹配强度是多少，但是研究者认为该强度可能会导致肌肉酸痛和潜在的损伤，“贝斯特说。

Immediately following the exercise, the affected muscle was subjected to 30 minutes of simulated massage, called compressive loading. The researchers used mathematical equations to determine the appropriate amount of force to apply to the animal muscle, which was intended to match the force Swedish massage typically places on a patient’s spine. The device used to simulate the stroking motion for the research was designed by Yi Zhao, assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Ohio State and a co-author of the study.
在模拟运动完成之后，马上对受影响的肌群施以30分钟的模拟按摩，叫做卸载压缩负荷。研究者使用数学公式来确保施加给动物肌肉的的力量是合适的，这是用于匹配典型的瑞典式按摩在患者胫骨上施加的力。在该研究中用于模拟该按摩运动的装置是由本研究的共同作者，俄亥俄州立大学生物医学工程系的助理教授赵毅设计的。

“We know biological tissues are sensitive to the magnitude of frequency, duration and load, so we controlled the force, frequency and time spent on massage,” Best said.
我们知道生物组织对频率大小，持续时间和负载都非常敏感，所以我们严格控制了按摩的力量，频率和时间。“贝斯特说。

The exercise-massage cycle was repeated for four days, after which the animals’ muscle strength and tissue were examined.
我们将这一运动—按摩的循环重复进行了四天，在此之后我们对动物肌肉的力量以及组织进行了检查。

The massaged muscles recovered an estimated 60 percent of the strength after the four-day trial, compared to restoration of about 14 percent of strength in muscles that were exercised and then rested.
据估计，在四天的实验中接受按摩的肌肉恢复了60%的力量，相比之下，那些在运动后直接休息的动物则只恢复了14%的力量。

Similarly, the massaged muscles had fewer damaged muscle fibers and virtually no sign of white blood cells, the presence of which would indicate that the body was working to repair muscle damage, when compared with the rested muscles. The massaged muscles weighed about 8 percent less than the rested muscles, suggesting that the massage helped prevent swelling, Best said.
相似的，与运动后直接休息的肌肉相比，接受按摩的肌肉受损伤的肌纤维数量更少，也几乎没有出现白细胞浸润的信号，该信号提示机体正在进行损伤后的修复。按摩过的肌肉比直接休息的肌肉在重量上轻8%，提示按摩有助于阻止肌肉肿胀，贝斯特说。

“One fundamental question is how much of a role does inflammation play in repair to a muscle? Are we preventing inflammation and therefore improving recovery? We haven’t proven that yet,” Best said.
“一个最基本的问题是在肌肉的修复过程炎症反应起了多大的作用？是否是因为我们阻止了炎症反应因此促进了康复呢？我们还没能证明这点，“贝斯特说。

He is collaborating with a variety of experts across the university to continue this line of research, and hopes to cooperate with Ohio State’s Center for Integrative Medicine on future clinic-based work.
他与大学内各个不同领域的专家合作以继续这种类型的研究，并且还想与俄亥俄州立大学中西医结合医学中心在未来基于临床的研究中合作。

“Our goal is to use this model to understand the biological mechanisms of massage as a guide to preclinical trials to test the effects of massage on muscle recovery after exercise,” he said. “A trial in humans could look at optimal indications for massage.
我们的目标是使用这种模式去了解按摩的生物学机制，以便在临床前研究中指导测试按摩对肌肉运动后的康复效果，“他说。“在人身上进行实验可以寻求按摩的最佳方法。

"Ultimately, we could also find out how massage helps not just exercise-induced muscle injury, but swelling and pain associated with other medical conditions, as well.”
“最终我们还可以发现按摩不仅有助于恢复运动导致的肌肉劳损，也同样有助于其它医疗环境下肿胀与疼痛的康复。“

Additional co-authors on the study were Timothy Butterfield, a former postdoctoral researcher at Ohio State now with the University of Kentucky Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; Sudha Agarwal of the Ohio State College of Dentistry’s Section of Oral Biology; and Furqan Haq of Ohio State’s Division of Sports Medicine in the Department of Family Medicine.
该研究另外的共同作者还包括提摩太.巴特菲尔德，原俄亥俄州立大学博士后研究员，现在则是在肯塔基大学康复科学系；还有俄亥俄州立大学口腔生物学牙医组的苏哈.阿加瓦尔；以及俄亥俄州立大学家族医学系运动医学分部的Furqan Haq。

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Ohio State University Pomerene Chair in Family Medicine, held by Best.
该研究是由国立卫生研究院和俄亥俄州立大学波默林主持资助的，由贝斯特主持进行。

肌肉按摩有助于运动损伤之后的康复

科学日报（2008年8月18日报道）—研究者在对“治疗性按摩能够加速运动性损伤的康复”这一过去长期被视为正确的理论的测试中发现了按摩具有治疗效果的早期科学依据。
在一项在动物中进行的研究中，科学家们发现在剧烈运动之后立即进行循环按压有效减少了肌肉肿胀和损伤。
尽管他们说要把这项结果直接在临床环境下应用于人类还为时尚早，关于按摩有助于恢复强烈离心运动（此时肌肉的延长与收缩在同一时间进行）对运动员所造成的损伤的理论，研究者认为这项发现为为该理论的最终科学确证营造了一个强而有力的开端。
“这项仍在进行中的研究有潜力为临床提供大量证据，”托马斯.贝斯特说，他是俄亥俄州立大学家庭医学的教授，同时也是该研究项目的高级主管。如果我们能确认按摩恢复效应的内在机制，就能将这些发现转用于临床治疗，这需要知道要进行多大量的按摩，要持续多长时间，以及在运动后的多长时间实施按摩。“
在逸闻趣事中流传的证据显示按摩能为健康带来诸多益处，但实际上在细胞水平上对它的效果进行评估比常人想象的要难得多。在该研究中以兔子作为实验对象，研究者使用一种机械装置去模拟某种锻炼独有的动作，紧接着对于同一肌群他们采用另一种装置去模拟持续的按摩运动。他们将这些动物与其它进行了运动却没有接受模拟按摩的动物进行比较。所有参与试验的动物都进行了镇静处理。
“我们想尝试着模仿瑞典式按摩，因为在传闻中，它是运动员中最受欢迎的技术，“贝斯特说，他同时也是俄亥俄州立大学运动医学中心瑞典医学的主任，还是运动员部的队医。”一篇在该领域内的研究综述表明尽管在传闻中存在着种种证据—我们知道运动员一直都在使用按摩—但是研究者们不知道在锻炼和损伤之后进行按摩有助于康复的具体机制。“
据美国按摩治疗协会说，瑞典式按摩包括从上往下细致按摩，还有对肌肉和关节的不同运动的拿捏和揉搓技巧。
在本研究中，在进行了实验模拟的运动和按摩之后，研究者比较了所有动物的即溶组织，发现在接受了模拟按摩的动物中，其肌肉功能较未接受按摩治疗的动物有了提高，同时肌肉肿胀和炎症也更少出现。
该研究发表在最近一期的运动医学科学杂志上。
该研究主要关注离心运动，该运动与在下山的过程中人类的大腿股四头肌所经历的锻炼过程相似。在该研究中研究者主要关注胫骨前肌，位于人类的胫骨前方。这个模拟运动包括在10个循环的7套动作中对脚趾的肌肉施加一个持续伸缩与指向的力，在每一套运动之间有2分钟的休息时间。
很难精确描述在人类中该运动的匹配强度是多少，但是研究者认为该强度可能会导致肌肉酸痛和潜在的损伤，“贝斯特说。
在模拟运动完成之后，马上对受影响的肌群施以30分钟的模拟按摩，叫做卸载压缩负荷。研究者使用数学公式来确保施加给动物肌肉的的力量是合适的，这是为了匹配典型的瑞典式按摩在患者胫骨上施加的力。在该研究中用于模拟该按摩运动的装置是由本研究的共同作者，俄亥俄州立大学生物医学工程系的助理教授赵毅设计的。
我们知道生物组织对频率大小，持续时间和负载都非常敏感，所以我们严格控制了按摩的力量，频率和时间。“贝斯特说。
我们将这一运动–按摩的循环重复进行了四天，在此之后我们对动物肌肉的力量以及组织进行了检查。
据估计，在四天的实验中接受按摩的肌肉恢复了60%的力量，相比之下，那些在运动后直接休息的动物则只恢复了14%的力量。
与上述相似的是，与运动后直接休息的肌肉相比，接受按摩的肌肉受损伤的肌纤维数量更少，也几乎没有出现白细胞浸润的信号，该信号提示机体正在进行损伤后的修复。按摩过的肌肉比直接休息的肌肉在重量上轻8%，提示按摩有助于预防肌肉肿胀，贝斯特说。
“有一个最基本的问题是：在肌肉的修复过程炎症反应起了多大的作用？是否是因为我们阻止了炎症反应因此促进了康复呢？我们还没能证明这点，“贝斯特说。
他与大学内各个不同领域的专家合作以继续这种类型的研究，并且还想在未来与俄亥俄州立大学中西医结合医学中心进行基于临床的合作研究。
我们的目标是使用这种模式去了解按摩的生物学机制，以便在临床前研究中作为测试按摩对肌肉运动后的康复效果的指导，“他说。“在人身上进行实验可以寻求按摩的最佳方法。
“最后我们还可以发现按摩不仅有助于恢复运动导致的肌肉劳损，也同样有助于其它医疗环境下肿胀与疼痛的康复。“
该研究另外的共同作者还包括提摩太.巴特菲尔德，原俄亥俄州立大学博士后研究员，现在则是在肯塔基大学康复科学系；还有俄亥俄州立大学口腔生物学牙医组的苏哈.阿加瓦尔；以及俄亥俄州立大学家族医学系运动医学分部的Furqan Haq。
该研究是由国立卫生研究院和俄亥俄州立大学波默林主持资助的，由贝斯特主持进行。

2008-08-24 16:46

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lvziquan1984

分子生物学实验室

丁香园准中级站友

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这篇交稿晚了好几天，真是抱歉，主要是实验太忙，实在是没有时间，另外这篇有（1879字），应该算是我本人在园子里翻译的最长的一篇了吧，肯定会有错误，希望高手和有心人不吝指点，我相信我会越翻越好的。

2008-08-24 16:49

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• 疯长的肉瘤

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