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【科普】研究发现一种快速灵敏检测生化武器(蓖麻毒素 )的方法

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Bioterrorism: Fast And Sensitive Way To Detect Ricin
ScienceDaily (Apr. 13, 2009) — Scientists at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have developed a simple, accurate, and highly sensitive test to detect and quantify ricin, an extremely potent toxin with potential use as a bioterrorism agent.

Vern Schramm, Ph.D.Ricin, a protein extracted from castor beans, can be in the form of a powder, mist, pellet or solution. When injected or inhaled, as little as one-half milligram of ricin is lethal to humans. No antidote is available. The most infamous ricin attack occurred in London in 1978, when Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov died after being stabbed with an umbrella that injected a ricin-coated pellet into his leg.

The ricin assay described in the journal article was developed in the laboratory of Vern Schramm, Ph.D., professor and Ruth Merns Chair of Biochemistry at Einstein and corresponding author. The assay detects small amounts of ricin more accurately and faster than ever before.

Users of the assay would place samples of potentially adulterated food, or swabs used to wipe potentially contaminated surfaces, into a few drops of a mixture of reagents; the mixture will emit light if ricin is present, with higher luminescence indicating greater concentrations of the toxin.

Dr. Schramm believes the assay's most immediate application is for discovering drugs that could serve as antidotes for ricin poisoning.

"Previously we had to rely on laborious, multi-step methods to see if a compound was preventing ricin from working, which is probably why no antidote to ricin has yet been discovered," explained Dr. Schramm.

After ricin enters cells, it kills them by interfering with their ability to make proteins─a basic cellular function. Ricin does this by disrupting ribosomal RNA (the key component of ribosomes, the cell's protein manufacturing "machines"). The ricin attack causes ribosomal RNA to release a molecule of adenine. Dr. Schramm's assay detects and quantifies ricin by measuring the amount of adenine released by cells.

"Our lab's expertise is in enzymes," says Dr. Schramm. "One day I realized we could use a specific enzyme to convert the adenine released by ricin into ATP─a molecule whose presence can be easily detected by an already-available assay based on the light-emitting gene from fireflies. In retrospect, like many scientific advances, it's such a simple idea that I'm surprised it wasn't thought of earlier."

Ricin has also been used as an anticancer agent by linking it to antibodies that home to tumors and deliver the ricin 'warhead' to kill cancer cells. Einstein scientists indicate that detection of ricin in cancer trials may be an early use of this technology. While the researchers emphasize that the ricin detection method is now laboratory-based, they also predict that relatively minor changes will be needed to make detection of ricin by light practical for field and clinical applications.

Albert Einstein College of Medicine has filed a patent application on the ricin detection method and is interested in licensing the technology to a company or organization that would develop it further for drug discovery and public health applications.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090408104538.htm

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2009-04-13 23:41 浏览 : 2510 回复 : 3

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2009-04-14 22:29

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初稿：
Bioterrorism: Fast And Sensitive Way To Detect Ricin
快速灵敏检测生化武器(蓖麻毒素)的方法

ScienceDaily (Apr. 13, 2009) — Scientists at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have developed a simple, accurate, and highly sensitive test to detect and quantify ricin, an extremely potent toxin with potential use as a bioterrorism agent.
每日科学（2009.4.13）-- 犹太大学医学院艾伯特•爱因斯坦学院的科学家们研发了一种简单、准确、高敏的定量检测蓖麻毒素的方法。蓖麻毒素是一种极可能被生物恐怖主义组织利用的一种毒素。

Vern Schramm, Ph.D.Ricin, a protein extracted from castor beans, can be in the form of a powder, mist, pellet or solution. When injected or inhaled, as little as one-half milligram of ricin is lethal to humans. No antidote is available. The most infamous ricin attack occurred in London in 1978, when Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov died after being stabbed with an umbrella that injected a ricin-coated pellet into his leg.
Vern Schramm博士说，蓖麻毒素是从蓖麻子中提取出的蛋白质，可以被制成粉剂、喷雾、药丸或溶液。当注射或吸入少量，仅半毫克的蓖麻毒素就会致死。目前尚无解毒剂。最臭名昭著的利用蓖麻毒素的攻击发生于1978年伦敦，当时，*****的保加利亚人Georgi Markov因被刺入一把含蓖麻毒素药片浸泡的毒伞而死亡。

The ricin assay described in the journal article was developed in the laboratory of Vern Schramm, Ph.D., professor and Ruth Merns Chair of Biochemistry at Einstein and corresponding author. The assay detects small amounts of ricin more accurately and faster than ever before.
杂志中所描述的检测蓖麻毒素的方法是由爱因斯坦学院生物化学系Ruth Merns主席兼教授Vern Scharmm的实验室建立的，Vern Scharmm是本文的通讯作者。该检测方法可比以前更准确而快速的检出少量蓖麻毒素。

Users of the assay would place samples of potentially adulterated food, or swabs used to wipe potentially contaminated surfaces, into a few drops of a mixture of reagents; the mixture will emit light if ricin is present, with higher luminescence indicating greater concentrations of the toxin.
使用这种检测方法的人需要向可能混有毒素的食物或将被用于擦拭被污染物表面的棉签标本中加入少量试剂混合物；如果混合物中含有蓖麻毒素，那么混合物会发光，并且随着蓖麻毒素浓度的增加光强增大。

Dr. Schramm believes the assay's most immediate application is for discovering drugs that could serve as antidotes for ricin poisoning.
Schramm博士认为，本法应立即被用于发现蓖麻毒素解毒剂的药物研究中。

"Previously we had to rely on laborious, multi-step methods to see if a compound was preventing ricin from working, which is probably why no antidote to ricin has yet been discovered," explained Dr. Schramm.
Schramm 博士解释到，“过去，我们依赖于实验室中多步的方法来观察是否一种复合物可以阻止蓖麻毒素发挥作用，这可能是为什么至今我们没有发现蓖麻毒素解毒剂的原因。”

After ricin enters cells, it kills them by interfering with their ability to make proteins─a basic cellular function. Ricin does this by disrupting ribosomal RNA (the key component of ribosomes, the cell's protein manufacturing "machines"). The ricin attack causes ribosomal RNA to release a molecule of adenine. Dr. Schramm's assay detects and quantifies ricin by measuring the amount of adenine released by cells.
当蓖麻毒素进入细胞以后，通过干扰基本的细胞功能--合成蛋白的能力--使细胞死亡。蓖麻毒素通过干扰核糖体RNA（核糖体的关键成分，其为合成细胞蛋白的“机器“）。蓖麻毒素的攻击导致核糖体RNA脱去一分子腺嘌呤。Schramm的方法正是通过测定细胞释放的腺嘌呤含量而检出和定量蓖麻毒素的。

"Our lab's expertise is in enzymes," says Dr. Schramm. "One day I realized we could use a specific enzyme to convert the adenine released by ricin into ATP─a molecule whose presence can be easily detected by an already-available assay based on the light-emitting gene from fireflies. In retrospect, like many scientific advances, it's such a simple idea that I'm surprised it wasn't thought of earlier."
“我们实验室善于酶学研究，”Schramm博士谈到，“一天，我认识到我们可以利用特殊的酶将蓖麻毒素释放的腺嘌呤转化为ATP。基于萤火虫光释放基因建立的检测ATP分子的方法，目前已经非常成熟，因为可以检出ATP分子的存在。正如许多科学的进展，通过回顾，这是一种如此简单的方法，而且令我感到惊讶的是，过去我们竟然想到。”

Ricin has also been used as an anticancer agent by linking it to antibodies that home to tumors and deliver the ricin 'warhead' to kill cancer cells. Einstein scientists indicate that detection of ricin in cancer trials may be an early use of this technology. While the researchers emphasize that the ricin detection method is now laboratory-based, they also predict that relatively minor changes will be needed to make detection of ricin by light practical for field and clinical applications.
蓖麻毒素已经作为一种抗肿瘤制剂被使用，通过将其与抗体相连，从而直指肿瘤并且释放蓖麻毒素“**”以杀死肿瘤细胞。爱因斯坦的科学家指出在肿瘤临床治疗中检测蓖麻毒素可能成为这种技术早期的应用领域。但是，科学家强调，目前蓖麻毒素的检测方法还是以实验室为基础的，他们也认为近期会对实验进行微小的修改从而使其可用于现场和临床蓖麻毒素的检测。”

Albert Einstein College of Medicine has filed a patent application on the ricin detection method and is interested in licensing the technology to a company or organization that would develop it further for drug discovery and public health applications.
亚伯特•爱因斯坦医学院已经填写了蓖麻毒素检测方法的专利申请，并且该学院非常有兴趣对向那些意图将本技术进一步用于药物发现和公众健康的公司或组织发放执照。

【PS：先贴初稿，有点赶，如果有时间，一会来修改。。。】

2009-04-15 13:51

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• 文献求助

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编译：

应对生物恐怖主义：快速敏感检出蓖麻毒素的方法

每日科学（2009.4.13）-- 犹太大学医学艾伯特•爱因斯坦学院的科学家们建立了一种简单、准确、高敏的定量检测蓖麻毒素的方法。蓖麻毒素是一种极可能被生物恐怖主义组织利用的一种毒素。

Vern Schramm博士说，蓖麻毒素是从蓖麻子中提取出的蛋白质，可被制成粉剂、喷雾、药丸或溶液。少量注射或吸入，仅半毫克的蓖麻毒素时，即会致死。目前尚无（蓖麻毒素的）解毒剂。利用蓖麻毒素所进行的最臭名昭著的攻击发生于1978年伦敦。当时，*****的保加利亚人Georgi Markov因被刺入一把含蓖麻毒素药片浸泡的毒伞而身亡。

杂志中所描述的蓖麻毒素检测法是由爱因斯坦学院生物化学系Ruth Merns主任兼教授的Vern Scharmm博士的实验室建立的，Vern Scharmm是本文的通讯作者。与以前的方法相比，该法可更准确、快速的检出少量的蓖麻毒素。

使用这种检测方法的人需要向可能混有毒素的食物或用于擦拭潜在污染表面的面试子中加入少量试剂混合物；如果混合物中含有蓖麻毒素，那么混合物会发光，并且随着蓖麻毒素浓度的增加光强增大。

Schramm博士认为，本法应立即被用于发现蓖麻毒素解毒剂的药物研究中。Schramm 博士解释到，“过去，我们依赖于实验室中多步法来观察是否一种复合物可以阻止蓖麻毒素发挥作用，这可能是为什么至今我们没有发现蓖麻毒素解毒剂的原因。”

当蓖麻毒素进入细胞以后，其干扰基本的细胞功能--合成蛋白的能力--使细胞死亡。蓖麻毒素通过干扰核糖体RNA（核糖体的关键成分，为合成细胞蛋白的“机器“）。蓖麻毒素的攻击导致核糖体RNA脱去一分子腺嘌呤。Schramm的方法正是通过测定细胞释放的腺嘌呤含量检出和定量蓖麻毒素的。

“我们实验室善于酶学研究，”Schramm博士谈到，“一天，我认识到我们可以利用特殊的酶将蓖麻毒素释放的腺嘌呤转化为ATP。基于萤火虫光释放基因建立的检测ATP分子的方法，目前已经非常成熟，因为可以检出ATP分子的存在。正如许多科学的进展，通过回顾，这是一种如此简单的方法，而且令我感到惊讶的是，过去我们竟然想到。”

蓖麻毒素已经作为一种抗肿瘤制剂被使用。通过将其与抗体相连，直指肿瘤并且释放蓖麻毒素“**”以杀死肿瘤细胞。爱因斯坦的科学家指出在肿瘤临床治疗中检测蓖麻毒素可能成为这种技术早期的应用领域。但是，科学家强调，目前蓖麻毒素的检测方法还是以实验室为基础的，他们也认为近期会对实验进行微小的修改从而使其可用于现场和临床蓖麻毒素的检测。”

亚伯特•爱因斯坦医学院已经填报了蓖麻毒素检测法的专利申请，并且该学院非常有兴趣对向那些意图将本技术进一步用于药物开发和公众健康的公司或组织发放执照。

2009-04-15 15:52

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