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【bio-news】科学家制造了“抗肥胖”婴儿配方

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http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/health_medical/article2474430.ece
Scientist create 'anti-obesity' infant formula
By John von Radowitz, PA Science Correspondent
Published: 23 April 2007
Scientists are developing an infant formula designed to be given to babies to prevent them growing up fat, it was revealed today.

The controversial research aims to supplement baby milk with a hormone that suppresses hunger.

Animal studies suggest early exposure to the hormone leptin can programme the brain to prevent over-eating throughout life.

But fears have been raised about the safety of tampering with the brains of babies in such a fundamental way.

The infant formula, together with other "child-friendly" leptin preparations, is being developed by Professor Mike Cawthorne, director of metabolic research at the Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham.

Prof Cawthorne has already shown that giving rats leptin supplements early in life provides permanent protection against obesity and diabetes.

His study, published in the American Journal of Physiology, found even adult animals fed a high-fat diet remained slim.

Leptin is naturally produced throughout life. But the research suggests that in infancy it "hardwires" the body's energy balance settings.

It may even determine whether someone is fat or thin before birth.

Feeding the hormone to pregnant rats seems to have a life-long impact on their offspring. Animals born of leptin-treated mothers remain lean, despite being fed a fat-laden diet. In contrast those whose mothers were untreated gain weight and develop diabetes.

Prof Cawthorne argues he is only giving babies what they would normally get anyway from their mothers' milk.

"The supplemented milks are simply adding back something that was originally present," he told Chemistry & Industry magazine, which reported on the research today. "Breast milk contains leptin and formula feeds don't."

Previous studies looking at the ability of leptin to reduce hunger in human volunteers have proved disappointing.

Prof Cawthorne believes this is because they involved adults, rather than infants. Leptin was only likely to leave its stamp on the malleable brains of babies.

"You would only take this for a short time, very early in life," said Prof Cawthorne.

However other experts remain to be convinced, and have expressed concerns about safety.

Dr Nick Finer, clinical director of the Wellcome Clinical Research Facility, at Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, said: "The leap to a functional food being effective or safe is enormous. All obesities result from an excess of energy intake over energy expenditure, so any treatment must have effects on either or both arms of the equation.

"Even if this approach is shown to be valid in humans, extensive clinical trials would be needed to allow the right dose to be chosen and to show that the approach was safe. The concept that adding something to a food that could permanently alter brain development is exciting but at the same time so scary that it would mean a wholly new approach about how such treatments can be tested and approved for use. Would the first trials be in newly born children?"

Dr Ian Campbell, medical director of the charity Weight Concern, said: "Without evidence that this works in humans, it is pure flight of fancy that those consuming leptin from infancy will never get fat. I'd be surprised if this product could be advertised or marketed with these extraordinary claims.

"To date, leptin has proved to be a great disappointment. Most of us have plenty and true deficiencies are rare. In fact, obese people tend to have higher than normal levels."

Professor Jonathan Seckl, a hormone expert at the University of Edinburgh, said: "We need to know whether leptin is acting pre and post-natally, figure out how it works, and dissect the possible side effects before this becomes a potential approach in humans."

Prof Cawthorne told the Press Association the infant formula work was in the "very early stages".

"It's something we're in the process of looking at," he said. "There's potential there because we know that breast-fed offspring have less of a tendency towards obesity in adult life.

"I'm not in the least suggesting that it will cure world wide obesity, but it's something that could make a difference.

"There are always safety concerns, and whenever you do anything there tend to be unexpected events. But one could argue that giving formula feeds to babies that are different from breast milk might itself be changing their programming."

He compared giving young children leptin with getting them to take cod liver oil - although he accepted that hormones were powerful substances.

Prof Cawthorne agreed that leptin was not the only natural ingredient missing from formula milk, and other factors also influenced obesity.

Whether or not infant formula with leptin should be classified as a food or medicine was a question that would have to be resolved, he said.

"It is still a grey area," he added. "One could argue that as you're replacing something that should be there, it's not pharmaceutical."

A spokesman for the Food Standards Agency said: "If you make a functional food using ingredients that are already on the market, then you wouldn't have to go through a safety assessment. But if it includes new ingredients then you would, and it depends on the sort of ingredients."

Claire Williamson, from the British Nutrition Foundation, said: "Leptin is a hormone that is synthesised in adipose (fat) tissue which appears to signal how much fat is stored, thus helping to regulate appetite.

"Researchers in the past found that when leptin was injected into specially bred mice, the mice ate less, burned food faster and lost significant amounts of weight.

"However, the precise details of the leptin system and its physiological significance in human weight control still remain to be fully understood.

"The research in rats supplemented with leptin is in its very early stages and needs to be replicated by further studies. Furthermore, results from animal studies cannot be assumed to apply to humans, so it is much too early to say whether this could be a possible way to prevent obesity in humans.

"Obesity is a complex disorder with a diverse range of causal factors, which makes it a complex and challenging disorder to tackle.

"Both genetic and environmental factors come into play in the causes of obesity. However, one incontrovertible fact is that for an individual to become obese, energy intake (i.e. energy from food) must exceed energy expenditure (i.e. through physical activity) for an extended period of time."

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Scientist create 'anti-obesity' infant formula
科学家制造了“抗肥胖”婴儿配方

By John von Radowitz, PA Science Correspondent
Published: 23 April 2007
Scientists are developing an infant formula designed to be given to babies to prevent them growing up fat, it was revealed today.
科学家今日宣布，他们开发了一种专为预防婴儿长大后肥胖的婴儿配方。
The controversial research aims to supplement baby milk with a hormone that suppresses hunger.
这一有争议的研究，目的是向婴儿提供一种含有抑制食欲激素的配方牛奶。
Animal studies suggest early exposure to the hormone leptin can programme the brain to prevent over-eating throughout life.
动物研究表明，生命早期暴露于激素——瘦素，可产生终生的预防过食的作用。
But fears have been raised about the safety of tampering with the brains of babies in such a fundamental way.
但是，对于这种从本质上干预婴儿大脑的安全性问题引起了大家的担心。
The infant formula, together with other "child-friendly" leptin preparations, is being developed by Professor Mike Cawthorne, director of metabolic research at the Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham.
这种婴儿配方，以及其它“儿童友好型”瘦素制品，是由白金汉大学科洛尔实验室代谢研究主管Mike Cawthorne教授开发的。
Prof Cawthorne has already shown that giving rats leptin supplements early in life provides permanent protection against obesity and diabetes.
Cawthorne教授早期发现，大鼠在生命早期给予瘦素补充剂，对肥胖和糖尿病可产生永久性的预防作用。
His study, published in the American Journal of Physiology, found even adult animals fed a high-fat diet remained slim.
即使成年动物食用高脂肪的饮食，仍保持“苗条”。该研究发表在《美国生理学杂志》上。
Leptin is naturally produced throughout life. But the research suggests that in infancy it "hardwires" the body's energy balance settings.
瘦素是体内自然产生的，且贯穿终生。但研究表明，在婴儿时期，瘦素“固定”了机体能量平衡的设置。
It may even determine whether someone is fat or thin before birth.
它甚至在出生之前就决定了某人或胖或瘦。
Feeding the hormone to pregnant rats seems to have a life-long impact on their offspring. Animals born of leptin-treated mothers remain lean, despite being fed a fat-laden diet. In contrast those whose mothers were untreated gain weight and develop diabetes.
大鼠怀孕期间饲养瘦素，似乎对其后代产生终生的影响。喂养瘦素的母亲所生后代，即使喂养高脂肪饮食，仍保持瘦身；相反，那些没有喂养瘦素母亲所生后代，体重增加并发展为糖尿病。
Prof Cawthorne argues he is only giving babies what they would normally get anyway from their mothers' milk.
Cawthorne教授争辩称，他仅仅是向婴儿提供他们从母乳中应该正常得到的东西。
"The supplemented milks are simply adding back something that was originally present," he told Chemistry & Industry magazine, which reported on the research today. "Breast milk contains leptin and formula feeds don't."
“补充的牛奶仅仅添加了原先就存在的东西，母乳含有瘦素，而普通配方食品不含。”他告诉《化学工业杂志》说，该杂志今天发表了这项研究。
Previous studies looking at the ability of leptin to reduce hunger in human volunteers have proved disappointing.
此前，瘦素对志愿者饥饿欲望降低作用研究的试验结果令人失望。
Prof Cawthorne believes this is because they involved adults, rather than infants. Leptin was only likely to leave its stamp on the malleable brains of babies.
Cawthorne教授认为，这是因为参与者为成人，而非婴儿。瘦素可能仅对婴儿可塑性大脑产生作用。
"You would only take this for a short time, very early in life," said Prof Cawthorne.
“你只能在生命的很早时期，在短时间内服用该配方。” Cawthorne教授说道。
However other experts remain to be convinced, and have expressed concerns about safety.
然而，其他专家仍难以信服，对安全性仍持疑虑。
Dr Nick Finer, clinical director of the Wellcome Clinical Research Facility, at Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, said: "The leap to a functional food being effective or safe is enormous. All obesities result from an excess of energy intake over energy expenditure, so any treatment must have effects on either or both arms of the equation.
剑桥Addenbrookes医院Wellcome临床研究协会临床主任Nick Finer博士说：“瘦素开发成为一种有效的或安全的功能性食品的跨度是巨大的。所有的肥胖都是因为能量摄入大于消耗，因此每一种治疗方法必然要作用于这一平衡的一侧或双侧。
"Even if this approach is shown to be valid in humans, extensive clinical trials would be needed to allow the right dose to be chosen and to show that the approach was safe. The concept that adding something to a food that could permanently alter brain development is exciting but at the same time so scary that it would mean a wholly new approach about how such treatments can be tested and approved for use. Would the first trials be in newly born children?"
“即使证明这种方法对人体是有效的，也需要进一步的临床试验来确定合适的剂量并证实其安全性。向食物中添加某种东西来永久性改变大脑发育的想法令人兴奋，但同时也令人惊恐，因为这意味着需要一种全新的方法来试验并批准其应用。第一次试验总不能在新生儿身上进行吧？”
Dr Ian Campbell, medical director of the charity Weight Concern, said: "Without evidence that this works in humans, it is pure flight of fancy that those consuming leptin from infancy will never get fat. I'd be surprised if this product could be advertised or marketed with these extraordinary claims.
体重关注慈善会医学主管Ian Campbell博士说：“没有证据表明该配方对人体有效，婴儿食用瘦素将永不发胖，这纯粹是异想天开。如果这种产品能够以此来进行广告或上市宣传，我将惊讶不已。”
"To date, leptin has proved to be a great disappointment. Most of us have plenty and true deficiencies are rare. In fact, obese people tend to have higher than normal levels."
“迄今，瘦素的作用非常令人失望。我们大部分人大量和真正缺乏瘦素的现象非常罕见，事实上，肥胖人群的瘦素水平往往高于正常水平。”
Professor Jonathan Seckl, a hormone expert at the University of Edinburgh, said: "We need to know whether leptin is acting pre and post-natally, figure out how it works, and dissect the possible side effects before this becomes a potential approach in humans."
爱丁堡大学激素专家Jonathan Seckl教授说道：“瘦素在成为人用食品之前，我们需要弄清楚瘦素是在出生前或出生后起作用、确定它的作用机理、以及仔细研究可能的副作用。”
Prof Cawthorne told the Press Association the infant formula work was in the "very early stages".
Cawthorne教授告诉新闻协会说，婴儿配方研究工作处于“非常早期阶段”。
"It's something we're in the process of looking at," he said. "There's potential there because we know that breast-fed offspring have less of a tendency towards obesity in adult life.
“我们仍处于某种探索过程中，之所以有这种可能，是因为我们知道母乳喂养的后代在成年时期出现肥胖的可能性较小。”
"I'm not in the least suggesting that it will cure world wide obesity, but it's something that could make a difference.
“我丝毫没有表明这是治疗肥胖的灵丹妙药，但它确实能够产生作用。”
"There are always safety concerns, and whenever you do anything there tend to be unexpected events. But one could argue that giving formula feeds to babies that are different from breast milk might itself be changing their programming."
“总有安全方面的顾虑，不论什么时候你做任何事情，都可能出现意想不到的事情。但是有人可能会争论说，给婴儿喂养与母乳不同的配方食品可能改变婴儿自然发育。”
He compared giving young children leptin with getting them to take cod liver oil - although he accepted that hormones were powerful substances.
他对少儿食用瘦素和鳕鱼肝油进行了比较，尽管他承认激素的作用更为强大。
Prof Cawthorne agreed that leptin was not the only natural ingredient missing from formula milk, and other factors also influenced obesity.
Cawthorne教授同意瘦素并非配方牛奶中唯一缺乏的天然成分，其它成分也对肥胖有影响。
Whether or not infant formula with leptin should be classified as a food or medicine was a question that would have to be resolved, he said.
含有瘦素的婴儿配方归类于食品还是药品，是必须解决的问题，他说道。
"It is still a grey area," he added. "One could argue that as you're replacing something that should be there, it's not pharmaceutical."
“这仍然是一个灰色区域。有人可能说，当你将某种东西重归原位，它就不属于药物范畴。”
A spokesman for the Food Standards Agency said: "If you make a functional food using ingredients that are already on the market, then you wouldn't have to go through a safety assessment. But if it includes new ingredients then you would, and it depends on the sort of ingredients."
食品标准署发言人说：“如果使用已经上市的成分制造的新的功能食品，就没有必要一定要进行安全评价。但是如果含有新的成分，就应该进行安全评价，这取决于成分的种类。”
Claire Williamson, from the British Nutrition Foundation, said: "Leptin is a hormone that is synthesised in adipose (fat) tissue which appears to signal how much fat is stored, thus helping to regulate appetite.
英国营养基金会的Claire Williamson说：“瘦素是在脂肪组织中合成的，作为脂肪储存多少的信使，来调节食欲。“
"Researchers in the past found that when leptin was injected into specially bred mice, the mice ate less, burned food faster and lost significant amounts of weight.
”研究人员以前发现，特殊饲养的小鼠注射瘦素后，其饮食量减少、食物消耗加快且体重显著降低。
"However, the precise details of the leptin system and its physiological significance in human weight control still remain to be fully understood.
“但是，瘦素系统精确细节及其对人体重调节的生理意义尚不十分清楚。
"The research in rats supplemented with leptin is in its very early stages and needs to be replicated by further studies. Furthermore, results from animal studies cannot be assumed to apply to humans, so it is much too early to say whether this could be a possible way to prevent obesity in humans.
”大鼠补充瘦素的研究仍处在非常早期的阶段，尚需要进一步的研究加以重复验证。此外，动物研究结果也不能外推至人类，所以评价该配方是否可以预防人类肥胖为时尚早。
"Obesity is a complex disorder with a diverse range of causal factors, which makes it a complex and challenging disorder to tackle.
“肥胖是一种综合的失调状态，原因复杂多样，这使得解决起来非常棘手。
"Both genetic and environmental factors come into play in the causes of obesity. However, one incontrovertible fact is that for an individual to become obese, energy intake (i.e. energy from food) must exceed energy expenditure (i.e. through physical activity) for an extended period of time."
“导致肥胖的因素既包括遗传的也包括环境的因素，但一个不争的事实是，对于变胖的个体来说，在一个较长的时期内，能量摄入（如来自食物的能量）一定超过能量消耗（如体力活动）。”

（字书统计：1792）

编译：

科学家制造了“抗肥胖”婴儿配方

根据英国“独立新闻和媒体”23日报道，科学家今日宣布，他们开发了一种专为预防婴儿长大后肥胖的婴儿配方。
这种婴儿配方，是由白金汉大学科洛尔实验室代谢研究主管Mike Cawthorne教授开发的，目的是向婴儿提供一种含有抑制食欲激素的配方牛奶。动物研究表明，生命早期暴露于激素——瘦素，可产生终生的预防过食的作用。瘦素是在脂肪组织中合成的，作为脂肪储存多少的信使，来调节食欲。
Cawthorne教授早期发现，大鼠在生命早期给予瘦素补充剂，对肥胖和糖尿病可产生永久性的预防作用，即使成年时期动物食用高脂肪的饮食，仍保持“苗条”。瘦素虽然是体内自然产生的，且贯穿终生，但研究表明，在婴儿时期，瘦素“固定”了机体能量平衡的设置，它甚至在出生之前就决定了某人或胖或瘦。大鼠怀孕期间饲养瘦素，似乎对其后代产生终生的影响。喂养瘦素的母亲所生后代，即使喂养高脂肪饮食，仍保持瘦身；相反，那些没有喂养瘦素母亲所生后代，体重增加并发展为糖尿病。
但是，对于这种从本质上干预婴儿大脑的安全性问题引起了大家的担心。
Cawthorne教授争辩称，他仅仅是向婴儿提供他们从母乳中应该正常得到的东西。母乳含有瘦素，而普通配方食品不含，新的配方仅仅添加了原先就应该含有的东西，他告诉发表了这项研究的《化学工业杂志》说。
然而此前瘦素对成年志愿者饥饿欲望降低作用研究的试验结果令人失望。 Cawthorne教授认为，这是因为参与者为成人，而非婴儿，瘦素可能仅对婴儿可塑性大脑产生作用。Cawthorne教授称，只能在生命的很早时期，在短时间内服用该配方。
然而，其他专家仍难以信服，对其安全性仍持疑虑。
剑桥大学的专家称，瘦素开发成为一种有效的或安全的功能性食品的跨度是巨大的。所有的肥胖都是因为能量的摄入大于消耗，因此每一种治疗方法必然要作用于这一平衡的一侧或双侧。即使证明这种方法对人体是有效的，也需要进一步的临床试验来确定合适的剂量并证实其安全性。向食物中添加某种东西来永久性改变大脑发育的想法令人兴奋，但同时也令人惊恐，因为这意味着需要一种全新的方法来试验并批准其应用。第一次试验总不能在新生儿身上进行吧？
另有专家指出，没有证据表明该配方对人体有效，婴儿食用瘦素将永不发胖，这纯粹是异想天开。迄今，瘦素的作用效果非常令人失望。大部分人大量和真正缺乏瘦素的现象非常罕见，事实上，肥胖人群的瘦素水平往往高于正常水平。
爱丁堡大学激素专家也认为，瘦素在成为人用食品之前，我们需要弄清楚瘦素是在出生前或出生后起作用、确定它的作用机理以及仔细研究可能的副作用。
研究人员告诉记者说，婴儿配方研究工作尚处于“非常早期阶段”，仍处于某种探索过程中，之所以有这种可能，是因为我们知道母乳喂养的后代在成年时期出现肥胖的可能性较小。研究人员辩解说，他们丝毫没有表明这是治疗肥胖的灵丹妙药，但它确实能够产生作用。不论什么时候你做任何事情，都可能出现意想不到的事情。但是有人可能会争论说，给婴儿喂养与母乳不同的配方食品可能改变婴儿自然发育。对此他用少儿食用瘦素和鳕鱼肝油进行比较，尽管他承认激素的作用更为强大。研究人员也同意瘦素并非配方牛奶中唯一缺乏的天然成分，其它成分也对肥胖有影响。
含有瘦素的婴儿配方归类于食品还是药品，是目前必须解决的问题。这仍然是一个灰色区域，因为有人说，当你将某种东西重归原位，它就不属于药物范畴。食品标准署发言人对此解释说，如果使用已经上市的成分制造的新的功能食品，就没有必要一定要进行安全评价。但是如果含有新的成分，就应该进行安全评价，这取决于成分的种类。
有专家评论说，研究人员以前发现，特殊饲养的小鼠注射瘦素后，其饮食量减少、食物消耗加快且体重显著降低。但是，瘦素系统精确细节及其对人体重调节的生理意义尚不十分清楚。大鼠补充瘦素的研究仍处在非常早期的阶段，尚需要进一步的研究加以重复验证。此外，动物研究结果也不能外推至人类，所以评价该配方是否可以预防人类肥胖为时尚早。肥胖是一种综合的失调状态，原因复杂多样，这使得解决起来非常棘手。导致肥胖的因素既包括遗传的也包括环境的因素，但一个不争的事实是，对于变胖的个体来说，在一个较长的时期内，能量摄入（如来自食物的能量）一定超过能量消耗（如体力活动）。

http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/health_medical/article2474430.ece

2007-04-24 13:56

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